Pdf the effects of hydrogen fuel usage on the exergetic. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology 2 dioxide fig. At leaner mixtures, however, the flame velocity decreases significantly. Recent results on the cost, durability, and performance of fuel cells are discussed, along with the status of hydrogen related technologies and crosscutting activities. It covers hydrogen properties, use, and safety as well as fuel cell technologies, systems, engine design, safety, and maintenance. Fuel cell technology is the most exciting and legitimate alternative source of power currently available to us as world resources of nonrenewable fuel continue to be depleted. A fuel cell, on the other hand, uses an external supply of chemical energy and can run indefinitely, as long as it is supplied with a source of hydrogen and a source of oxygen usually air. This approach was formulated after exergy analysis of a typical ic engine revealed that significant efficiency gains could be made by reducing the exergy destruction due to combustion 1.
However, the challenges of transmission, distribution, and highpressure storage of a lowdensity gas have hampered the adoption of hydrogen pemfc technology. Exergy consumption analysis of the transportation sector of senegal. Introduction, and commentary on matters affecting all. A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Rousseau argonne national laboratory, argonne, il introduction automobile manufacturers are introducing gaselectric hybrids to overcome the drop off in the efficiency of the internal combustion engines ice at part loads. Hydrogen for fuel cell vehicles the purity of the hydrogen at hydrogen refueling stations is specified by the international standard iso146872. Hydrogen vehicles include hydrogen fueled space rockets, as well as automobiles and other transportation vehicles. Doe cell component accelerated stress test protocols for pem fuel cells electrocatalysts, supports, membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies march 2007. Hikmet karakoc and others published a study on exergy. In england, acal energys flowcath hydrogen fuel cell is the first in the world to break the 10,000hr endurance test without significant degradation in performance. Pdf a study on exergy analysis of a hydrogen fuelled turbofan. The longterm objective of this project is to develop a high efficiency steam electrolyzer for carbonfree production of hydrogen. A mathematical model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell pemfc was developed to investigate the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, anode and cathode pressures, reactants flow rates, membrane thickness, and humidity on the performance of the modelled fuel cell. Hydrogen fuel cells, now as durable as conventional engines.
First, detonation parameters pressure, temperature, density, and species mass fraction are calculated for three cases where the hydrogen mass fraction in air is 1. Pdf an overview of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel researchgate. The tubular approach with one closed end eliminates gas. You are using fossil fuel as the source of hydrogen for the hydrogen economy. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production in order to meet doe goals, a pec system must be lowcost, operate at solartochemical conversion efficiencies greater than 10%, and have long operating lifetimes. This approach was formulated after exergy analysis of a typical ic engine. Have that reflected in rhetoric, policies and purchasing behavior. Hydrogen properties objectives at the completion of this module, the technician will understand. The system will be fixed to a skid and not an actual vehicle. Numerous approaches involving a variety of semiconductors have been explored since the early 1980s, but. Appendix a equilibrium thermodynamics of perfect fuel cells a. The key benefit of this approach is that the carbon can be captured as a dense solid. Based on his interdisciplinary experience in the fields of power, nuclear power, and desalination, the author contends that the development potential of the fuel cell is related to the quantity fuel chemical exergy, which, like.
Exergy analysis of hydrogendiesel combustion in a dual fuel engine using threedimensional model. Exergetic aspects of hydrogen energy systemsthe case. Development and assessment of a novel integrated system. Fuel cells, especially for automotive propulsion, must operate over a wide range of operating and cyclic conditions. This approach reduces air pollution, but it doesnt solve either the greenhouse gas problem because there is still carbon going into the atmosphere or the dependence problem you still need oil. The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of hydrogen from fuel directly into electrical energy and resulting emits the waste heat and liquid water. Fuel cells are mainly classified by the characteristics affecting their performance like the type of catalysts, electrolyte used.
For this reason, batteries and fuel cells are sometimes combined with high speci. Mar 07, 2008 fuel cell engines provides a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the fundamental principles of fuel cell science so that a readerwhether professional or studentcan gain a timeless understanding of the fundamentals that will remain relevant and useful even as the specific applications, materials, and designs change. Download product flyer is to download pdf in new tab. Based on his interdisciplinary experience in the fields of power, nuclear power, and desalination, the author contends that the development potential of the fuel cell is related to the quantity fuel chemical exergy, which, like electrical potential, is a quantitative measure of work done. In this study, a novel ammoniabased integrated system, incorporating both ammonia and hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine and ammonia fuel cell system, is developed for cogeneration of power and cooling. However, in this paper a generalized exergy analysis approach is utilized to clarify the comparison of the theoretical performance potential of heat engines and fuel cells, in particular, to show that fuel cell conversion is restricted by the second law of thermodynamics in the same way as heat engines. Fuel cells and hydrogen joint undertakingth stakeholder forum i 10 10th stakeholder forum i fuel cells and hydrogen joint undertaking 4 i i 5 in 2015, the european union became a signatory to the landmark paris climate accord on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, committing europe to concrete measures on alleviating. Fuel cell system components and manufacturing processes the pem fuel cell powerplant is built from four main subsystems.
For transportation applications, the fuel cells subprogram is focused on direct hydrogen fuel cells, in which the hydrogen fuel is stored onboard and is supplied by a hydrogen production and fueling infrastructure. In this regard, several key topics ranging from the basics of the thermodynamic concepts to advanced exergy. Hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies course. K fuel cells crosscutting sullivan colorado school of mines v308 doe hydrogen and fuel cells program fy 2012 annual progress report carbonate fuel cells. A hydrogen internal combustion engine is similar to that of a gasoline engine, where hydrogen combusts with oxygen in the air and produces expanding hot gases that directly move the physical parts of an engine. There are several different types of fuel cell but they are all based around a central design.
Pdf energy and exergy analysis of hydrogen production by a. Fuel economy of hybrid fuel cell vehicles autonomie. Research article theoretical energy and exergy analyses of. Fuel cells, engines and hydrogen an exergy approach. A fuel cell is an electrochemical machine that generates electricity by a chemical reaction making a hydrogen fuel react with some oxidizing agent. An introduction to fuel cells and hydrogen technology by brian cook, heliocentris vancouver, canada whereas the 19th century was the century of the steam engine and the 20th century was the century of the internal combustion engine, it is likely that the 21st century will be the century of the fuel cell. First, you never said the word vehicle, so i am just going to start by comparing efficiency of generatio. This course manual features technical information on the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel.
It also presents the different types of fuel cells and hybrid electric vehicles. Fuel cell technologies and hydrogen productiondistribution. Fuel cell technology is the most exciting and legitimate alternative source of power. The fifth edition of the kirkothmer encyclopedia of chemical technology builds upon the solid foundation of the previous editions, which have proven to be a mainstay for chemists, biochemists, and engineers at academic, industrial, and government institutions since publication of the first edition in 1949. Hydrogen as a renewable energy carrier for commercial. Fuel cells, engines and hydrogen wiley online books. The following generalized electrochemical reactions occur between hydrogen and oxygen. It explores the forces driving the market for hydrogen powered fuel cells, as well as the technical and economic barriers that could derail a transition toward hydrogen energy systems. At the same time, the overall system architecture provides both the balance of plant needed to efficiently support the electrochemical conversion in the fuel cell and to provide nearoptimal exergy. Comparative performance metric assessment of a military. In addition to covering the basic principles of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies, the book examines the principles. Analytic methods for benchmarking hydrogen and fuel cell technologies presentation, nrel national renewable energy laboratory author marc melaina, genevieve saur, todd ramsden, and joshua eichman.
Comparison of the theoretical performance potential of. The performance of future ice and fuel cell powered. Fuel cells should have a life of about 5000 intermittent operating hours for this application. This approach will be viable only when renewable energy becomes the major source for electricity production. Current data regarding ic engine and fuel cell vehicle performance were extrapolated to 2020 to provide optimistic but plausible forecasts of how these technologies might compare. This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. There are two paths that one could take to accomplish this. This doe hydrogen and fuel cells program activity is focused on the conversion of hydrogen to electrical or thermal power and the use of hydrogen to power vehicles via polymer electrolyte membrane pem fuel cells, for auxiliary power units on vehicles, or for stationary applications. Fuel cells to energy deals with fuel cell systems for chp and power for industrial, commercial, residential scales and small applications. Fuel cells and hydrogen setis in brief hydrogen h 2 is an energy carrier that can store and deliver energy in widely useable forms. Hydrogen fuel cell engines and related technologies course manual. No other power generating technology holds the same benefits that fuel cells offer, including high reliability and efficiency, negligible environmental impact, and security of supply. So the optimization centered methods, such as exergy. Battery systems, fuel cells, and hydrogen special session.
I was going to sit this one out, until i read the other answers, which i found to be deficient on one respect or another. Based on his interdisciplinary experience in the fields of power, nuclear power, and desalination, the author contends that the development potential of the fuel cell is related to the. Most downloaded international journal of hydrogen energy. The first would be to carry out the combustion at an extreme state so that the. Chemical energy electrical engery every fuel cell has two electrodes, one positive and one. There are variations in the use of periods and capitalization for abbrevia.
New approach is gaining momentum and catching the attention of people in the right places. As fuel use has developed through time, the percentage of hydrogen content in the fuels has increased. Some words may have different meanings when used in other contexts. Barclay represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in brigham young university. In the year 2004 this new standard was elaborated by the committee 197 and was valid for fuel cells vehicles as well as for vehicles with a combustion engine. The department of energys doe hydrogen and fuel cell activities are presented, focussing on key targets and progress. Exploration of a fuel cellinternal combustion engine combined.
What are the main conversion methods involved in using. Electrifying transportation is a promising approach to. How efficient are fuel cells compared to hydrogen burning ic. Hydrogen powered fuel cells are not only pollutionfree, but they can also have more than two times the efficiency of traditional combustion technologies. Fuel cells the customer is looking to reform gasoline into h2 for vehicular fuel cell. Fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy in hydrogen to electricity, with pure water and potentially useful heat as the only byproducts. First of all, i will tell you about the fuel cells. The integrated system recovers the waste heat and uses it efficiently to achieve cooling and producing power. From fundamentals to applied research provides an overview of the basic principles of fuel cell and hydrogen technology, which subsequently allows the reader to delve more deeply into applied research.
Hydrogen fuel cells fuelling the future royal society of. Public attitudes towards and demand for hydrogen and fuel. An exergy approach download copy of this page fuel cell technology is the most exciting and legitimate alternative source of power currently available to us as world resources of nonrenewable fuel continue to be depleted. Then, exergy efficiency is used as objective criteria of performance evaluation. Afolabi3 department of chemical engineering, school of engineering and engineering technology, federal university of technology. Fuel cells, engines and hydrogen is a controversial text that challenges the accepted industry parameters for measuring fuel cell performance and efficiency. They need to cool reactor effluent before discharge. The desired operating range encompasses temperatures from below the. Suitable alloy for this type of application is needed. Moreover, the net electrical efficiency of the proposed sofc system concept could be further increased by a few percentage points by optimizing the. Department of energy hydrogen and fuel cells program. Engines todays ambientair hydrogen fuel cells find it difficult to compete with the family car engine in terms of effective lifetime, cost, availability, practicality of fuel, and capital cost.
For hydrogen storage technologies, the specific tci is the tci divided by the annual throughput. The new fuel cell isothermal oxidation theory is remarked upon in the foreword, and was partly introduced by barclay. Dynamic performance of a pem fuel cell system dtu orbit. On the other hand, hydrogensupplied fuel cells are exergetically. Refuelling of fuel cell vehicles by hydrogen from the lohc. Improved ice internal combustion engine vehicles coupled with greater use of biofuels. When hydrogen is produced from nonfossil energy sources or using co 2 sequestration, there are no greenhouse gas emissions. The bus considered in this study uses a fuel cell engine from xcellsis fuel cell engines.
Pdf in this study, the hydrogen fuel effect on the exergetic performance of a turbojet engine used in a military trainer aircraft is investigated. The performance evaluation of the engine was lastly executed by comparing the obtained results for both fuels. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy either by burning hydrogen in an internal combustion engine, or, more commonly, by reacting hydrogen. According to steinfeld 2002, a maximum exergy conversion. Activities have reduced the amount of platinum needed by more than a factor of five, doubled fuel cell durability, and reduced the cost of automotive fuel cells by more than 50% since 2006 and more than 30% since 2008. Get the administration to embrace fuel cells of all kinds and hydrogen energy as integral components of the clean energy portfolio. A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen fuel for motive power. Energy and exergy analysis of hydrogen production by a proton exchange membrane pem electrolyzer plant article pdf available in energy conversion and management 4910. It is important to understand the maximum possible thermal efficiency a fuel cell system is capable of obtaining on a fuel.
Hydrogen use in internal combustion engines page 35 order of magnitude higher faster than that of gasoline. The attitudes of consumers towards hydrogen enduse technologies, whether in the transport or residential sectors, will be fundamentally different to the attitudes of local populations who. The most downloaded articles from international journal of hydrogen energy in the last 90 days. Research article theoretical energy and exergy analyses of proton exchange membrane fuel cell by computer simulation i. It is a noteworthy worldwide failure that isothermal oxidation is not the industry. Analytic methods for benchmarking hydrogen and fuel cell.
A hydrogen tank and fuel cell replace the engine, but otherwise the difference is minimal fuel cells can vary their output quickly, so are suited for transport applications that need quick startup and high power intelligent energy fuel cell system fuel cell air filter hydrogen tank hydrogen filling point charging point fuel cell compressor. Fuel cell performance an overview sciencedirect topics. Hydrogen storage is considered separately from the powerplant and, for the purposes of this document. Exergy, second edition deals with exergy and its applications to various energy systems and applications as a potential tool for design, analysis and optimization, and its role in minimizing andor eliminating environmental impacts and providing sustainable development. The main goal of this paper is to analyze the exergy losses during the shock and rarefaction wave of hydrogen air mixture. Exploration of a fuel cellinternal combustion engine. No other power generating technology holds the same benefits that fuel cells. For hydrogen production technologies, this value is the tci divided by the annual hydrogen production capacity. Fuel cell engines typically consist of the system module, the stack module, a control unit. Exergy analysis of hydrogendiesel combustion in a dual fuel. An efficient direct ammonia fuel cell for affordable. Grove utilized four cells, each containing hydrogen and oxygen, to produce electric power which was then used to split the water in the smaller upper cell into hydrogen and oxygen. A bold new approach is required 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 p e t r ol e u m m m b d a y o i l e qui v a l e nt actual projection u. Electrolysis cells aec, proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells pemec and solid.
Fuel cell technology is the most exciting and legitimate alternative source of power currently available to us as world resources of nonrenewable fuel continue to. Jun 28, 20 third, fuel cells ought to last at least as long as conventional engines, that is, the car around it should fall apart first. Doe cell component accelerated stress test protocols for pem. First, exergy and advanced exergy analyses of the engine were performed using jp8 fuel as per actual engine operating conditions. A comprehensive guide explains why hydrogen has emerged as an essential area for research and technology development worldwide. Description about book fuel cells, engines and hydrogen an exergy approach from amazon fuel cell technology is the most exciting and legitimate alternative source of power currently available to us as world resources of nonrenewable fuel continue to be depleted. These analyses of the turbojet engine using hydrogen fuel were also examined parametrically. Based on his interdisciplinary experience in the fields of power, nuclear power, and desalination, the author contends that the development potential of the fuel cell is related to the quantity fuel chemical exergy. Theoretical energy and exergy analyses of proton exchange. Optimal stationary fuel cell integration and control. The department of energy hydrogen and fuel cells program plan. Hydrogen can be used as fuel in gas turbines, combustion engines or. The second option is, of course, slightly perverse.